Laws in India are created through a structured process. A bill is introduced in Parliament, reviewed by committees, debated, and voted on. After approval from both Houses and assent by the President, it becomes an enforceable law.
Once a law is passed, it is enforced by government authorities including the police, judiciary, and investigative agencies. Enforcement ensures compliance and accountability, providing remedies through legal mechanisms.
Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of courts and agencies to take action under a specific law. Criminal cases may fall under local magistrate courts, sessions courts, or special courts depending on the nature of the offence.
Substantive Criminal Law: Defines offences and prescribes penalties (e.g., Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita).
Procedural Criminal Law: Outlines procedures for investigation, arrest, trial, and sentencing (e.g., Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita).
Evidence Law: Determines what facts and documents are admissible in a trial (e.g., Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam).
This law replaces the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). It covers how police investigate offences, procedures for trials, bail, appeals, and sentencing. BNSS ensures fair legal procedures for all parties involved in criminal cases.
This is the principal substantive criminal law in India. It defines various crimes like theft, assault, and cybercrime, and lists punishments for each. It replaced the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and includes reforms reflecting current social realities
The BSA governs how evidence is collected, presented, and evaluated in court. It outlines rules for documents, witnesses, confessions, and digital evidence. This law replaces the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.